Summary

  1. Pressure kills concentration which in turn disrupts phsical skills that often depend on milli-second refinement.  
  2. Get players habituated to pressure situations, just as if you were afraid of spiders and slowly got habituated to their exposure.
  3. Practice pressure situations on the field by having something at stake (success means that there are no sprints or gather all the players girlfriends to watch.)
  4. Reframe pressure situations as fun.  

 

Pressure as a Threat

The body is programmed with an instinctual flight or flight.  When an opponent runs our way, many of us have programmed ourselves not to run away, but to charge.  However, our biggest threats on the playing field are often not external, but internal.  Fear, rage, embarrassment, sadness, envy, hope, disappointment -- all muck with our internal nervous system.

Pressure is a result of all of these emotions.  It is not the situation that causes pressure, but our thougths about the meaning of the situation and how it will affect our identity, life, standing, and happiness.  

You often hear cliches from coaches at key games about 'raising the bar', 'play 150 percent', 'step up your game.'  I tell my players the exact opposite.  I tell them to just go out and play their regular game. If we're in the championship, we're there for a reason.  We're probably pretty good at this sport.  Go out and play like you would any other day.  You've already trained yourself to perform.  Like walking or riding a bike, you don't have to pep yourself up or think about doing these activities.  If you've trained welll in your sport, you won't have to think about that either.  Just do what you already know how to do, and the winning will take care of itself.

One of the best ways to minimize pressure is to quiet the mind, and the best way to quiet the mind is through meditation.  Please look at the meditation page for instruction.

However, it's also helpful to practice pressure situation, because practice makes things routine, and routine takes away the pressure.


 

Stress: Portrait of a Killer

September 24, 2008 -- This is a recap of a PBS/Nat Geo special currently running on TV.  It's very eye-opening.

 A National Geographic Special

Sapolsky with an olive baboon

Robert Sapolsky and an olive baboon share a quiet moment on the Talek River, July 2007 (Credit: John Heminway)

The stress response: in the beginning it saved our lives, making us run from predators and enabling us to take down prey. Today, human beings are turning on the same life-saving physical reaction to cope with 30-year mortgages, $4 a gallon gasoline, final exams, difficult bosses and even traffic jams — we can't seem to turn it off. So, we're constantly marinating in corrosive hormones triggered by the stress response.

Now, scientists are showing just how measurable — and dangerous — prolonged exposure to stress can be. Stanford University neurobiologist, MacArthur "genius" grant recipient, and renowned author Robert Sapolsky reveals new answers to why and how chronic stress is threatening our lives inStress: Portrait of a Killer, a National Geographic Special. The hour-long co-production of National Geographic Television and Stanford University was produced exclusively for public television.

In this revelatory film, discoveries occur in an extraordinary range of places, from baboon troops on the plains of East Africa to the office cubes of government bureaucrats in London to neuroscience labs at the nation's leading research universities. Groundbreaking research reveals surprising facts about the impact of stress on our bodies: how it can shrink our brains, add fat to our bellies and even unravel our chromosomes. Understanding how stress works can help us figure out ways to combat it and mitigate negative impacts on our health.



 

Ways to Practice Pressure

Ideally, players and coaches will practice meditation so the thought process around pressure-filled situations are not raging.  However, most of us are not Tibetan monks and we will naturally have butterflies if not raging bird in our stomachs.  What then?

There are two components to handline pressure.  The first is to replicate pressure situations.  This helps condition the player better, but does not reduce the emotional charge of the situation.  The second component is to re-frame the situation.  While you practice pressure situations, make them fun and entertaining, not derogatory statements on the team and the player.  Examples include:

  • In youth football, we used to practice 'sharks and minnows'.  Players would line up on opposite sides of the football field.  The minnows would try to reach the other side.  The sharks would try to tackle them.  If I said that we were going to practice open field tackling, they would have been nervous.  This way, they didn't even realize they were open field tackling.
  • At the end of practices, we sometimes base the amount of sprints on whether our kicker can make a 'game-winning' field goal.   This puts enough pressure on him to let him practice the real thing without getting too nerve-racking. 
  • During 7 on 7 drills, we keep track of how many touchdowns would have been scored if it had been a real game.  Just the very fact of keeping score brings out a fun, competitive spirit while at the same time raising the level of pressure.

 

Scenario Practice

To make a pressure-filled situation feel routine, you need to practice the scenarios of those situations. 

In football, those situations might include:

  • 3rd and Long
  • 2 minute drill
  • 4th and 1
  • 4th and long
  • Hail Mary
  • On-sides kick
  • Game winning field goal
  • Large crowds; hostile territory; or playoff situation
For example, don't just practice play after play.  Make the offense work to get yardage.  Measure it.  Spot the first down marker and march up and down the field.  Put something at stake on the result.  It doesn't just have to be punishments like sprints.  The biggest pressure comes from looking bad in front of peers.  Line the other players up on the sidelines when running 7 on 7.  Bring parents, girlfriends, teachers, and administrator to practices to replicate pressure.  In these situations, create pre-snap procedures (just like you do when addressing a golf ball) that help quiet the mind. 

 

Signs of Pressure

  • Indecision
  • Sense of confusion
  • Feeling heavy
  • Negative thoughts
  • Poor concentration
  • Irritability
  • Fear
  • Forgetfulness
  • Loss of confidence
  • Images of failure
  • Defeatist self-talk
  • Feeling rushed
  • Feeling weak
  • Constant dissatisfaction
  • Unable to take instructions
  • Thoughts of avoidance
  • Biting fingernails
  • Lethargic movements
  • Inhibited posture
  • Playing safe
  • Going through the motions
  • Introversion
  • Uncharacteristic displays of extroversion
  • Fidgeting
  • Avoidance of eye contact
  • Covering face with hand

 

Anxiety - Performance Theories

Drive Theory

According to the Drive Theory (Clark Hull 1943) if an athlete is appropriately skilled then it will help them to perform well if their drive to compete is aroused - they are "psyched up".

Inverted-U hypothesis

An alternative approach to Drive Theory is known as the Inverted-U hypothesis that predicts a relationship between arousal and performance approximates to an inverted U shape. The theory is that as arousal is increased then performance improves but only up to a certain point (top of the inverted U). If the athlete's arousal is increased beyond this point then performance diminishes.

Multi-dimensional Anxiety Theory

Multi-dimensional Anxiety Theory is based on the distinction between cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. The theory makes a series of predictions:

  • There will be a negative but linear relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance
  • There will be an inverted U relationship between somatic anxiety and performance
  • Somatic anxiety should decline once performance begins but cognitive anxiety may remain high if confidence is low

Catastrophe Theory

Catastrophe Theory suggests that:

  • stress and anxiety will influence performance
  • each athlete will respond in a unique way to competitive anxiety
  • performance will be effected in a unique way which may be difficult to predict using general rules

Optimum Arousal Theory

According to the Optimum Arousal Theory (Yuri Hanin) each athlete will perform at their best if their level of arousal or competitive anxiety falls within their optimum functioning zone. The challenge for the coach is to determine the athlete's zone and identify the techniques that will place the athlete in this zone prior to competition.


 

Pressure Tests


 

Poll

How often in practice do you work on developing mental toughness?

  •   (4 votes)
     
  •   (2 votes)
     
  •   (0 votes)
     
  •   (2 votes)
     
 

Research Pressure

 

Case Study -- Navy Seals

navy-seal

The U.S. Navy SEALs are among the most courageous men on earth. Their secret: mental conditioning. Learn their secrets and you, too, can conquer any fear says an article in Men's Health magazine.

According to the article, the SEALs are fearless because of the training they undergo. Their secret is what psychologist call habituation. This simply means the more you're exposed to something that you initially fear, they less it will fear you and eventually you become immune to it. You get used to it.

This is mind over matter situation. Sergeant Bill Cullen of the First Battalion of the Fourth Marines says, "Essentially, you're bending the body's software to control its hardware. It works standing over a putt on the 18th green. It works shooting a final-second free throw. It works banging down a door with a bad guy on the other side."

Graduating as a SEAL is not all about being physically fit, Lieutenant Commander Mike H of executive officer of SEAL Team 10, says, "Today, our primary weapons systems are our people's heads. You want to excel in all the physical areas, but the physical is just a prerequisite to be a SEAL. Mental weakness is what actually screens you out."

The articles reports that recent experiments at tops institutions in the world including Harvard, Columbia, the University of California at Irvine, have started to solve the mystery of both primal fear and remembered fear. Previously it was thought that once an animal has "learned" to be afraid of something, that memory never vanishes from the animal's amygdala. But Gregory Quirk, Ph.D., and researcher Kevin Corcoran, of the University of Puerto Rico school of medicine, have discovered that we can overlay our bad memories — and the emotions they evoke — by forming new memories in the brain's prefrontal cortex that supersede those stored in the amygdala.

You have to repeat an action, any action, over and over, with the knowledge that you are "unlearning" the bad memory. Lieutenant Commander Eric Potterat, Ph.D., a Naval Special Warfare Command psychologist, quotes Hamlet on the subject: "'There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.'

Eric Potterat relates this study to sports and described the difference between winners and losers. "Physically, there's very little difference between athletes who win Olympic gold and the rest of the field. It's like the SEAL candidates we see here. Terrific hardware. Situps, pushups, running, swimming — off the charts, superhuman. But over at the Olympic center, the sports psychologists found that the difference between a medal and no medal is determined by an athlete's mental ability. The elite athletes, the Tiger Woodses, the Kobe Bryants, the Michael Jordans — this is what separates them from the competition. Knowing how to use information."

"Being a warrior, being what you call 'brave,' requires attention to something greater than just martial activity," says Master Chief Will Guild, a 27-year SEAL veteran who runs a mentorship program for incoming candidates. "These men are problem solvers, and there are many ways to solve problems. I think you have to be ready to do whatever it takes, and that includes using diplomacy.

"There's no shortage of physical courage in the SEALs or Marine Corps or any active military branch of the service. Moral courage is something else. And if you want to inspire moral courage in your troops, you have to teach them how to make decisions." he continues.

Human beings can adapt to the very harshest of environments. Viktor Frankl, the famous Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, who is also a Holocaust survivor said, "if someone now asked of us the truth of Dostoevski's statement that flatly defines man as a being who can get used to anything, we would reply, yes, a man can get used to anything, but do not ask us how"

Psychologists and neuroscientists now agree conquering fear is simply suppressing a fright reaction by repeatedly confronting, the fear-triggering memory or stimulus - facing your fears. For specific phobias, up to 90 percent of people can be cured through such exposure therapy, says David Barlow, director of Boston University's Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders.

So the secret to courage is putting yourself in the same difficult situation or hostile environment on a consistent basis, day in day out, or doing a seemingly difficult action over and over, a million times, until you not longer have any emotional attachment to that situation, environment, or action. You become immune to it. You become part of it.


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